Navigation is the process of reading, and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another.[12] It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks. The word navigate is derived from the Latin "navigare", meaning "to sail". All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns. Terrestrial navigation has relied for millenniums on maps, signs, and the human sense of direction [1, 2]; it is only in recent times that radio signals have helped land navigation. The most important tools for navigation were created to ensure safety during maritime journeys. The first infrastructure created as a navigational aid was the lighthouse. The world’s first lighthouses were erected about 2,000 years ago: the Colossus on the Rhodes Island in Greece and Pharos at Alexandria in Egypt. It was not until the nineteenth century that the Fresnel lens...
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